Learned Russian

Biography Muromtsev Sergei A.

admin — Sun, 05 Sep 2010 04:18:21 +0000

Muromtsev Sergei Andreevich (09/23/1850) – well-known lawyer, was born in St. Petersburg., In an ancient noble family, studied at the third school in Moscow and Moscow University, listened in Gottingen Ieringa. After defending his master's thesis ("On the conservatism in the Roman law", Moscow, 1875) was elected assistant professor of Roman law as the successor to NI Krylov. After receiving his doctorate in 1877 (for his thesis "Essays on the general theory of civil law", Moscow, 1876) was elected extraordinary, and then an ordinary professor of the same department. In 1879 he took over the editing of "Legal Review" which continued until the termination of the magazine in 1892, since 1880 consists of the chairman of the Moscow Law Society. In 1880 – 1881 he held the post of vice-rector of Moscow University. He took an active part in city and county affairs as a vowel Moscow and Tula zemstvo assembly and the Moscow City Duma. In 1884, owing to circumstances, was forced to leave the pulpit and joined the district attorneys of the Moscow Court of Justice. 9-year professorship M. was extremely fruitful as a erudite literary as well as in training for: M. declared himself an original thinker and a brilliant lecturer and became one of the first places on the faculty of close to AI Chuprov and MM Kovalevsky. Accurate assessment of the importance of the crisis in the old direction of Germany's legal thought, marked the close of the fall trends, understanding the importance of developing science in the new spirit of specified works Ieringa, Muromtsev embarked on independent creativity in establishing the main objectives and methods of study of civil jurisprudence, relying on one hand, the works Ieringa, on the other – on the British philosophical and sociological works. Strong logical mind, a broad philosophical and historical education helped M. achieve in this way, twenty years ago, such research results, which are only now beginning to find increasing acceptance in Germany. Regained its magistorskoy thesis true meaning of creativity Roman jurists, defining the problem in his doctoral thesis as a "historico-philosophical" or "objective and scientific" and dogmatic study of civil law in its relation to Roman law, setting the "Definition and basic separation law" (title of the book, which appeared in 1879 in Moscow), Moscow began to develop a consistent history of Rome and the dogma of modern law on the new, developed his own terms. Its fruit were "civil law of ancient Rome" (Moscow, 1883) and "Reception of Roman law in the West" (Moscow, 1885). The first of these works, introducing as few in the process of Roman legal development "(tip Prague Professor douches), represents a first attempt to portray the growth of Roman civil law in its entirety, due to internal factors and its methods of work of Roman jurists. Just a few years later for this work began, some legal scholars in England, France and Germany, coming to similar results. The controversy caused by this work, has prompted Moscow to write a subtle methodological study, "What is dogma, right?", Translated into German by Professor douches. In the "Reception of Roman Law", Moscow, trace the development of Roman law in the West, the newly formulated real task of studying the modern civil law. These works of M. laid a solid foundation for the development of Russian science in civil law in the spirit of the new philosophical currents of time and in relation to other branches of social science. In Germany, as marked by the original work of M.: the outstanding importance of his book "The doctrine of German lawyers the right to education" (2. The second part of "Essays on the general theory of civil law, Moscow, 1886) recognized prof. Bergbomom, as Professor Kohler and Regelsberg quoted M., developing some of his thoughts. Teaching Experience M. left his disciples the deep tracks: he had developed for them a harmonious, coherent and crashed into a shared memory scheme of legal ideas and principles and examples of creativity Roman jurists trained in them a sense of legitimacy and lively understanding of the real problems of justice. Remove from MA Department – are still unrewarded and difficult voznagradimaya loss mosk. Faculty of Law. According to its scientific and philosophical views M.is the best exponent of the Anglo-French positivism, and especially the conductor of his methods of accurate scientific research. Close in their views on the nature of the right to Ieringu, MM is free of unilateralism and hobbies as this lawyer, and many of his followers. As a lawyer-politician MG has spoken to the press and legal community is strong and committed advocate of close association and right to life, pursuing the idea of the duty lawyer to be the bearer of the best cultural ideals of the time, and next to the legislator, creative figures in the administration of justice. Pledge This activity M. see more free than you can still theory, the situation of judges in relation to the law and in direct contact with representatives of the society in the form of a jury, whose presence, according to Moscow, just as fruitful in civil court, as in criminal court. M. Eden in that direction, presented, except those works, special articles: "The Court and the law in civil law (" Legal. Vestn., 1880. ¼ 11), "The creative force of jurisprudence" (ib., 1887, ¼ 9) and "Law and Justice" ("team. Jurisprudence", II), are the defenders and in Germany, represented by Billow, Kohler and other lawyers, and includes more and more into the general consciousness. Do not consummated are originally conceived "Sociological Essays" M. ("Russian Thought", 1889).

Biography Taysaeva Kazbek Umatievicha

admin — Sat, 04 Sep 2010 21:54:44 +0000

Taysaev Kazbek Umatievich (1945) – a graduate of History Faculty of Kharkov State University (1968). Doctor of Historical Sciences (1,998). Assistant Professor (in 1987). Posted by a number of scientific publications, including: "Guidelines for the organization and the national exam in philosophy at the Institute of Physical Culture" (1991, co-author), the course "Political Science" for higher educational institutions of physical culture and sport (1991, co-author) "Islam and sports games in the North Caucasus" (proceedings of an International Conference, 1998), "Identity exercise in the North Caucasus" (1994), "From the history of physical education of women in the" North Caucasus "(1995)," Ethno-cultural traditions in the modern physical education of children and youth of North Caucasus "(1995)," Folk Games and exercises in the North Caucasus "(deposited in INION, Academy of Sciences, 1997)," Traditional physical exercises and games of the North Caucasus "(1999). Professor, Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences, the Moscow State Academy of Physical Culture.

Biography Dmitrevsky Irina

admin — Sat, 04 Sep 2010 20:58:00 +0000

Dmitrevsky Irina (17.01.1938) – a specialist in logic and methodology of Science, Ph.D., Professor. She graduated from the Philology. Dept. of Ivanovo ped. in-ta (1960), pg. at the Department of Philosophy. the same in-ta for specials. "Logic". Since 1960 works in the same Institute (now – Ivanovskii state. Univ): Assistant. Art. prep. Assoc. (1975), prof. (1990). Doctorate. diss. – "Methodological problems of research text as a system" (1989). Research interests: 1. Development problems of consciousness and the noosphere in the context of structural ontology. 2. System Hermeneutics: a systematic analysis of the text, the model of understanding and interpretation problems informativeness and complexity of texts, systems analysis creative. as tekstoporozhdayuschey procedure. 3. Logical kantovedenie.

Among the works of the first direction is dominated by articles on the reality of consciousness and the objects of knowledge, system properties, and ontol noosphere. models ideal. The author believes that the attribution of consciousness status of things (the reality of consciousness), properties (attribute of consciousness) or relationship (relational consciousness) is directly dependent on the structural ontol. prerequisites, in justification of the reality of consciousness representatives decomp. Sc. directions using methods of system design. The concept of "ideal" as structurally oriented and not acceptable in any ontology, for example., It is not logical nominalism. "Noosphere" is defined as a special form of existence of consciousness, where the function is the concept of information structures – the energy of the substrate – the substance, with information generates energy, the energy structure to a real substrate. System hermeneutics, with tons sp. D., explores the problems of understanding and generating text. Author does not oppose an analytical and "understand" Philosophy., As is customary in hermeneutic tradition, showing that the methodology of a systems approach to identify common for an explanation for "empathy" model of understanding. Analytical study ("Interpretive") and synthetic ("actually mean") model. Solved system performance context for understanding the text: relevance, variety, openness, strength – weakness, etc.

Work on the logical. kantovedeniyu associated with the study of systemic ideas in the Critique of Kant. Cit.: Simplifying systems. (B et al.) / / Logic and methodology of systems research. Kiev-Odessa, 1977; systematic approach to abstraction / / System analysis and scientific knowledge. , 1978; scientific text: experience systematological study (Monografiya. Manuscript.). Ivanovo, 1981, Systematic analysis of the category "reality" in epistemology / / Formation and structure of consciousness and cognition. Ivanovo, 1982, the text as a system. Understanding the complexity and informativeness. Ivanovo, 1985; The systems principle in Kant's Philosophy / / Kantian collection. Vyp.12. Kaliningrad, 1987; ability judgments and the problem of understanding / Kantian Sat Vyp.16. Kaliningrad, 1991; ontological model of the world and the problem of the reality of consciousness / / Philosophy of mind in the XX century: problems and solutions. Ivanovo, 1994; principle intensionalnosti in the logic of Frege / / Philosophy of language and semiotics. Ivanovo, 1995; formal logic. P.1. Concept. Proposition. Inference. Ivanovo, 1995; System model of an ideal / / Actual problems of consciousness research: ontology and epistemology. Ivanovo, 1997; Phenomenon of understanding and knowledge of prerequisites, dairy / phenomenological study. Russian-American Yearbook. Vladimir-Belmont, 1998; system-forming functions of myth in the structure of consciousness / / Philosopher's Almanac. № 1-2. Ivanovo, 1998; formal logic. CH.I and II. Ivanovo, 1999, Rationality and irrationality in the structure of dialogue / / rational and the irrational in modern philosophy. Ivanovo, 1999, System Analysis noosphere dynamics Russia. [In et al.] / / V. Ivanovski Univ. Issue 2, Ivanovo, 2000.

Biography of John Stuart Mill

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John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873) – son of James M., a famous English philosopher and economist. Since 3-year M. began to study under the guidance of his father's Greek language, with a 6-years to write independent historical work, and to 12 years, thoroughly acquainted with the major Greek and Roman authors, began to study higher mathematics, logic and political savings. His education completed by age 14. Such early brain development has led to heavy fatigue and prepared spiritual crisis, which nearly led to suicide AM. Of great importance in his life was a trip to southern France in 1820, she introduced him to French society, with the French economists and public figures and aroused in him a strong interest in continental liberalism was still with him until his death. Around 1822 AM, with several other young men (Austin, fat, etc.), ardent follower of Bentham, formed a circle, called the "utilitarian society", in which was first coined the term "utilitarianism", which later received widespread . In the organ-based bentamistami "Westminster Review" published a series of MS articles, mainly economic content. In 1830 he wrote a little book: "Essays on some unsettled Questions in Political Economy" (publ. in 1844, had 2 ed.), Which contains all original, created MA in economics. By this time the fracture is in the life of Mill, which he so vividly described in his "Autobiography." As a result, M. freed from the influence of Bentham, has lost the old confidence in the omnipotence of rational element in the private and public life, was more value element sense, but some of the new outlook is not developed. Introduction to teaching sensimonistov shake his old confidence in the benefits of the social system based on private ownership and unrestricted competition. In 1843 he published "A System of Logic" (10 editions) – his most original work, still had retained its value, in 1848 – "Principles of Political Economy" (June edition) has also written numerous journal articles on various issues of philosophy, politics, economy and literature. Within a few years of self-published a radical magazine: "London and Westminster Review". Since 1841 was in correspondence with the Organization. Comte, philosophical and sociological views which have had a profound influence. Of the later works of M. remarkable "On Liberty" (1859, 3 editions) – perhaps the most brilliant in modern times in protecting the freedom of public and private life; "Utilitarianism" (1861, 3 editions) – the book, which had great success in public but one of the weakest of M. in the logical sense; "Considerations on Representalive Governement" (1861, 3 editions); "An Examination of sir W. Hamilton 's Philosophy" (1865, 5 editions) – a critique of philosophy, of Hamilton, along with outlining their own views of the author; "The Subjection of women" (1869, 4 editions), written in defense of women's equality. After the death of M. printed his "Autobiography" (1873) and "Chapters on Socialism" ("Fortnightly Review", 1872). As a political figure speak in Moscow in 1865 as a representative of the Westminster district in the House of Commons, before he could be a member of parliament, as was the service of the ostindskoy company. In the House of Moscow insisted on the need evergichnyh measures to help Irish farmers. In 1868 M. was defeated in the new elections, due in his opinion, public statement of his sympathy for the well-known atheist Bradley. In the life of M. enormous role played love for Ms Taylor, familiarity with which, he said, was "the greatest happiness of his life." He had the opportunity to marry her only after 20-year-old acquaintance, but after 7 years after her marriage she died. In the dedication of his book "On Liberty" M. says that his wife was inspiring, and partly the author of the best things that has been in his writings, but this assessment of the role of m-with Taylor in the literary activity of MM has been greatly exaggerated. In the largest of his work, "System of Logic," Ms Taylor took no part, no doubt, however, that it is influenced by many heads of his "political economy" and that she was, to some extent, be attributed to a socialist coloration of this book.The only essay AM, owned by his wife as much to himself – this is the book "The subordination of women." In the field of philosophy, the most remarkable works of M. is his "System of Logic. The logic, according to M., is the theory of evidence. Psychology sets the laws that arise in our minds and grouped feelings, perceptions and ideas, and logic should set clear and indisputable rules for distinguishing truth from falsehood, correct inferences from the infidels. The criterion of truth is experience, the true inference can only be called such, which is strictly in line with objective reality, with the facts. All our knowledge has an experimental origin. Priori truths, independent of experience, does not exist. Mathematical axioms, despite the fact that denying them seems impossible, there are likewise due to experience, and unthinkable to deny them depends on their inclusiveness, as well as the ease and simplicity of space and time perception, which has to do mathematics. Experience and observation are the basis not only of induction, ie, inferences from private to general, but also the deduction, ie, inferences from general to specific. From a purely formal point of view of the major premise of syllogism already contain the conclusion, and therefore not a syllogism would enhance our knowledge, if the construction of a syllogism we really started from the general provisions. In fact, if any deductive conclusion, we do not conclude from the general, and from private provision. When I conclude that I was mortal, because all men are mortal, then the true basis of my reasoning is the observation that all the people who lived before I died. The conclusion is not the general case, but some special cases that were the object of observation. Thus, in the syllogism is the source of our knowledge, experience and observation. Main achievement is the development of MI theory of induction. He identifies four methods by which the inductive method can find the cause of this phenomenon: the consent of the methods, differences, residues and associated changes. M. does not belong, however, among the adherents of unrestricted inductive method, as most British philosophers of the empirical school. On the contrary, according to M., the most powerful instrument of discovery of truth is the deductive method, best exemplified by the discovery of Newton's gravitational force. Induction is not applicable to all the more complicated cases, when several forces act simultaneously, and none of them can not be excluded. Under such conditions it is necessary to resort to more sophisticated techniques: the law of actions each force is studied separately, and then concludes combined action of them all, and the conclusion is verified supervision. That's the deductive method (which consists of three parts – an inductive study, withdrawal and verification), which most contributed to the success of science, every science tends to become deductive, but astronomy and physics have reached this stage, the others are still in a state of empiricism. "System of Logic" is not paved new ways of thinking, has not opened new horizons for science, even in the theory of inductive research component, generally thought to be the most valuable part of the book, M. partly develops thoughts of other, especially Herschel, whose article on same subject were published shortly before the book M. and contributed mightily to the last. Nevertheless, this book is less than in other works of M. found his usual lack – eclecticism. The main advantage of "logic" MM is a scientific spirit with which she imbued with a high degree, its influence was not limited philosophical
circles, but spread to uchenyhestestvoispytateley, many of whom appreciate this book very highly. From the sociological works of M. largest – "Foundations of Political Economy." As an economist, MA is a disciple and follower of Ricardo, but without the power of analysis, which distinguished the latter. However, Moscow was strongly influenced by the Organization. Comte and the French Socialists school of Saint-Simon and Fourier. In his course of political economy, AM attempted – can not say that quite successfully – to reconcile all these disparate directions. According to basic theoretical issues M.remains true to his main teachers, Ricardo and Malthus, and he takes all the most important of Ricardo's theory – his theory of value, wages, rent, – and yet, according to Malthus, recognizes the danger of unlimited expansion of the population. The most important addition to the theories of Ricardo M. was in his teachings about the value of goods in international trade. Under the influence of the French Socialists M. recognized the transient nature of unlimited competition and private property. The laws of political economy AM divides into two categories: the laws of production, independent of our will, and principles for the allocation determined by the wishes and views of the people themselves and changing depending on the particular social order, resulting in the distribution rules do not have the character of necessity which is inherent the laws of the first category. Separation of the principles of political economy at the appropriate and historically mutable himself acknowledged AM its main achievements in the field of economics, only because such a division, he escaped, he said, those cheerless conclusions about the future of working class, which came to his teacher – Ricardo and Malthus. But, as rightly observed Chernyshevski, MI can not stand this separation in practice and in the laws of production introduces the historical elements. Indeed, social relations are undoubtedly one of the factors of production, on the other hand, the views and wishes of people finding ways to share in turn are the necessary result of the social structure and modes of production. Therefore, the principles of distribution and the laws of production equally historically necessary; adjustable M. distinction seems redundant. In an effort to reconcile the doctrine of Malthus, demanding social reforms, MS comes to the conclusion that only those reforms may be valid, which retard multiplication of the population. These reforms include small M. tenure, the spread of which he warmly recommended to his countrymen. As for socialism, M. acknowledges its feasibility in the distant future, when the spiritual nature of man to reach greater perfection, but in the near future, he believes neither possible nor desirable restraint of liberty of individuals and the elimination of private initiative. Despite the lack of a definite and consistent leadership thought, "Foundations of Political Economy" are to this day one of the best courses of economics, for clarity and completeness of the content. In general, the force MI is not to establish a new and original views, he was a talented and bright systematists and promoter, and this explains the success of his works. Possessing a rare critical tact, MA was able to avoid one-sidedness of the most original and strong creative minds, under whose influence he was, but in an eclectic, he has not created a new school and only contributed to the dissemination of scientific attitudes to social and individual life. In the Russian economical. literature MA had an enormous influence, the majority of our general courses of political economy borrows from him the general plan of presentation and many such. Methodological opinions M. also received the majority of our economists and lawyers. All compositions M. (In "Chapters on Socialism") translated into Russian: "Logic" – Rezenerom, "Foundations of Political Economy" – Tchernyshevskiy, "On Liberty and Utilitarianism – Nevedomskys," representative government "issued Yakovlev" Hamilton – Tiblenom. Also translated into Russian on the book by M. Auguste Comte ("Aug. Comle, and the Positivism", 1865) and his collection of short articles ("Dissertations and Discussions", 1859 – 867). Autobiography translated into highly abbreviated form. Important literature: L. Reybaud, "JS Mill" ("Revue des deux Mondes", 1855); FA Lange, "Mills Ansichten fiber die sociale Frage" (1865); Taine, "Le positivisme anglais" (in 1865); Em. Litlre, "Aug. Cornte et Stuart Mill" (1866); A. Bain, "J.-S. Mill, a criticism" (1882); W. Courtney, "Life of J.-S. Mill" (1889); Th. Gompers, "J.-S. Mill" (1889); James Bonar, "Philosophy and Polilical Economy" (1893); N. Chernyshevskogo notes to his translation of "Polite. Econ." M., MN Christmas, "The importance of Mill's (1867); N. Bunge," Art. MA, as an economist "- Article of print. the first time in 1867, reprinted in "Essays on the political-economic literature" (1895); Rossel "St. John.M. "- a series of articles in the Journal of Europe" for 1874; M. Tugan-Baranovsky, "J. Art. John Stuart Mill (1894), "John Stewart M.", introduction to A. Miklashevsky abridged translation of "Polite. Economy, Mill (1895).

Biography of Franz Joseph Gall

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Gall, Franz Joseph (1758 – 1828) – phrenologist studied medicine in Strasbourg and Vienna, where, after a practiced and became famous for his essay "Philos. Mediz. Untersuchungen ueber Natur und Kunst im kranken und gesunden Zustande des Menschen" (1792), much more fame brought him to read about the doctrine of the skull, which he read in different universities and cities in Germany. Settling in Paris, he and his friend Shpurtsgeymom developed his theory in the great work "Anatomie et physiologie du systeme nerveux en general et du cerveau en particulier, etc." (1810 – 1820), in addition, he wrote "Introduction au cours de physiologie du cerveau" (1808) and "Sur les fonctions du cerveau" (1822). The failure of his theory was proved, and experiments and observations, but for him is always celebrating the opening of some new facts on the anatomy and physiology of the brain.

Biography by Jean-Martin Charcot

admin — Sat, 04 Sep 2010 08:37:04 +0000

Jean-Martin Charcot (1825 – 1893) – the famous French physician and neurologist.

Medical education in Paris. From 1860 Professor Agrégation Paris Faculty of Medicine, 1862, the chief doctor at Women's Hospital Salpetriere, in 1866 read here attracted a huge group of listeners lectures in 1872 took the chair of pathological anatomy at the Paris Faculty of Medicine, in 1882, . for it was established a special department of nervous diseases.

The first scientific work of Charcot are in the area of the articular rheumatism and gout (printed were in "Report from the Biological Society in 1851 in 1852. And in his doctoral dissertation, 1853). By the same area belong to his works: "Les alterations des carlilages dans la goutte" (1858); "Les concretions tophacees de l'oreille externe chez les goutteux" (1860); "Les alterations du rein chez les goutteux" (in collaboration Cornelius, 1864); "Les rapports de la goutte et de l'intoxication saturnine" (1864).

Then Charcot studied pneumonia, which resulted in his two brilliant work "De la pneumonie chronique" (1860) and "Observations sur la pneumonie de vieillards" (1868). But mostly thank Charcot based on his work in the field of neurologists, he not only enriched the set of new facts and ideas, but it opened new avenues and true scientific methods of research; Pathology of Nervous Diseases of the XIX century. can be considered as the creation of Charcot and his school.

These are his work on hysteria, hysteria-epilepsii, cerebrospinal tabes, muscle atrophy, paralysis, and aphasia, etc. One group of these works were published gradually in a number of lectures from 1861 to 1871 and published under the title "Arthropathies liees a l 'ataxie locomotrice progressive "(1868), another group, read in 1876 – 80 years., published under the title" Localisations dans les maladies du cerveau et de la moelle epiniere "(1880).

Classical recognized collections of his lectures, translated into many European languages, as follows: "Lecons sur les maladies du foie des voies biliaires et des reins" (1877); "Lecons cliniques sur les maladies des vieillards et les maladie chroniques." (1868, 1874); "Lecons sur les maladies du systeme nerveux faites a la Salpetriere" (1880 – 1984); "Lecons du Mardi a la Salpetriere" (1890 and 1898); "Clinique des maladies du systeme nerveux a l'hospice de la Salpetriere "(1892 – 1893).

Charcot and his students also belong to a number of interesting works on hypnotism. Collected works of Charcot, published in 1886 – 90 years. Charcot was the founder and co-editor of a number of special medical journals: "Archives de physiologie normale et pathologique" (since 1868); "Archives de nevrologie" (from 1880); "Revue de Medecine" (since 1878); " Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpetriere "(from 1880) and" Archives de medecine experimentale et d'anatomie pathologique "(from 1889).

In 1898, Charcot monument in Paris.

At pyccкий been translated: "Lectures on diseases of the liver, biliary tract and kidneys" (St. Petersburg, 1879), "Diseases of the Nervous System" (St. Petersburg, 1876), "On localization in diseases of the brain. About cerebral palsy" (St. Petersburg, 1880, 1885), "The Clinical Feature of hysteria or the big Easter epilepsii" (Kharkov, 1886), "Bright's disease and interstitial nephritis (Moscow, 1882);" albuminuria "(St. Petersburg, 1882)," On the treatment of amyelotrophy podveshivaniem "(1890).

Biography Snegiryov Ivan Mikhailovich

admin — Sat, 04 Sep 2010 03:13:28 +0000

Snegirev Ivan Mikhailovich (10/23/1792 – 09/12/1868) – Professor of Moscow University, a famous anthropologist and archaeologist, was born at Moscow, and was a son of a professor in the university's Michael Matveyevich S. (d. 1820). After home schooling he entered the academic school of the University (1802) in 1807 was promoted to the students, and in 1810 – as a candidate. However, he twice received a silver medal for his work on the offices of the ethical-political and verbal. The initial foundation of his education and general direction of S. received a philological school professors Boulet, Mattei and Timkovsky. The school gave him a solid method for research scientists. Sam S. in his memoirs admits influence on him called professors. In 1815 he received a Master of Science verbal and next year was made a lecturer at the Department of Roman literature and antiquities at Moscow University. Influenced by their teachers – the classics are so carried away by SA Latin, which was searching for the people with whom one could be said in Latin, but with academician Freneau started a correspondence in Latin. And his first works were also sent to the field of classical philology, because in 1816 he published his works in Latin: "Dissertatio de profectibus Romanorum in disciplinis severioribus" and "Nova Ghrestomatia" Latina ". Later came his" Latin Grammar " (3 edition 1836). But on this, and stopped work Snegireva of classical philology, although he is still a long time he was a professor of Roman literature: namely, from 1816 he was a lecturer at the university, with 1819 – an adjunct in 1826 . – extraordinary professor at the Department of Latin, but was soon made, and the ordinary and remained so until 1836 During this time he also taught Russian literature in the gymnasium of the Moscow Foundling Home (from 1817 to 1827), and since 1828 . was appointed censor. But S. did not stop with classical philology, although it gave him the methods of research; from an early time he was drawn to another area, the area of old Moscow and Russian antiquities in general. What is he very early became interested in the Russian past, see from his memoirs, where he tells how even as a student, traveled with his father on the province of Ryazan, and how impressed he had seen them there past. Obviously, he never ceased to be interested in Russian antiquities, and after, as far back as 1820 was chosen as a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian literature and in meetings of that society makes a report on his archaeological research on Russian proverbs, festivals and so on. In 1827 he was elected a member of Moscow. Society for the History and Antiquities, and for seven years, was secretary of the society . Thus from the very beginning of the 20-ies interests Snegireva were sent to the area of Russian ethnography, which at that time, as science does not exist. There were no scientific methods, no preparatory work. In the words of S. it in their writings on Ethnography used the scientific method, which is borrowed from his mentor – Boulet, Mattei, Timkovsky. His work had been successful and the beginning of the 30-ies he prepared his famous work: "The Russian in their proverbs." The first impetus to the study of proverbs given to him by his own words, Professor Bryantsev, who liked to quote them in conversation, and knew them well. S. begins his research from afar, with a general explanation of the proverb, its origin t value, said on proverbs and parables of the Jews, Greeks and Romans, in the new European nations , the Slavic tribes, finally from Russian and describes their publications. Then he puts the question on foreign sources of Russian proverbs, the attitude of proverbs and sayings to the literature. All this is the first book devoted to his work, with the second book to the end (of 4 kN. ) is a listing of the proverbs themselves. They are arranged not alphabetically but by the content and the trace. shall: 1) proverbs anthropology (Barefoot, and superstitions, proverbs, depict the customs, attitudes and outlook of the people), 2) proverbs physical (meteorological Astronomical, agronomic and health), and finally 3) proverbs historical (chronological, topographical and ethnographic). Proverbs are invariably accompanied by a commentary. For its time, this work Snegiryov was significant and was evaluated. Imp.Nicholas I graciously accepted it and expressed the author of his royal grace as for this work and for participation in the publication "Scientists notes" in the Moscow. University. Subsequently C. has returned several times to the subject with new explanations and additions. He however extended their area of research and drew attention to the common people's holidays, superstitious rites, and even the popular prints. In 1836 he was dismissed from the professors, as a result of changes to the charter of the University in 1835 and has since devoted himself more a favorite work of archeology and ethnography. So in 1837 – 1839 years. He published his second famous work – "Russian vulgar holidays and superstitious rites." In 1840 the Academy of Sciences awarded to the author for his work Demidov Prize. According to the most metropolitan of Kiev more Snegiryov Eugene asked him to gather and describe the Russian folk festivals, and he even gave him (in 1825) plan works. And his first sketch of an essay on holidays S. read Met. Eugene. When the Moscow Metropolitan Filaret learned that S. began writing about folk festivals, I noticed that this subject is difficult to study. As in the previous his work, S. here had no predecessors, and the first paved road. Before him lay a vast subject and no one is unaffected. In his research, he enjoys the guidance Trediakovsky of folk song, Gyutri – about the old Russian custom. He makes references to the Schlegel, Vaksmuta, Otfried Muller, and at the beginning of the book expresses regret that he could not use just coming out then in the light of essays about mythology and antiquities, Schelling, Grimm and Safarik. As in the book of Proverbs, and here, abundant material was collected was living a personal observation, information from others and a great knowledge of the old and new Russian literature. This wealth of material to Snegiryov not been collected by anyone, no one was explained. But there are flaws in his work: he is still too easy to external similarities and harmonies and builds on them mythological conclusions. Despite this, the work of AS is still unnoticed and no one has yet gathered all the material about Russian holidays, just as not given yet and explanations of proverbs with new scientific perspective. Some historical and everyday observations Snegiryov remain undeveloped to this day on. With this work S. received from Emperor Nicholas I, a diamond ring (1839). Since the early 40-ies S. keen monumental antiquities, old Russian painting and in particular the monuments of Moscow and Moscow region antiquity. In 1844 he completed and published his third famous work – "popular prints". And here he was the first paved road, because to him no one raised the issue of the popular prints. For their study, he began back in 1822 and two years reading about them in the report of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, but met with little sympathy for his new job. Some members even questioned, "can or should prevent their arguments in the society about this matter, areal object, which is provided in the inheritance of the mob. Prior to the latest edition of DA Rovinsky Snegireva work of popular prints were the only solid treatise on the subject. Rovinsky, in the preface to his work responds to the Labour Snegiryov with the highest praise. Shortly after Labor S. was brought to the publication of Antiquities of the Russian State ", began publication in 1846 In this edition of this text in the editions I, IV, and V. As we know, ceased publication in 1853. By the end of this period of his life S. enjoyed an excellent reputation and was known as an authority i
n the field of archeology and ethnography. As an old resident of Moscow, related memories of childhood and family traditions of old Moscow, S., throughout their lives to cultivate a love for the Exploration of Moscow's antiquities and general history of Russian life. None of the scientists did not know so well how it is, all the tract of the ancient capital, no more of it did not come and did not study the minutest details of Moscow's churches, monasteries and other remnants of old Moscow, no one knew so many stories and anecdotes related to the different localities and the monuments of the ancient capital. Then, when it was decided to resume the so-called. Romanovsky Chamber, primarily to Snegirev as a connoisseur of antiquities. In these works he was royally granted the Order of Stanislaus I degree. Odessa Society of History and Antiquities Snegiryov elected to membership. Imp.Archaeological Society in St. Petersburg elected him a corresponding member. The same is done, and the Academy of Sciences (1854). Archeographic Commission has repeatedly appealed to him for assistance. Honored him with election to its members and the Royal Society of Copenhagen northern antiquarians. Not so successful were on official business Snegireva censorship. As a senior censor, S. very often, for lack of a trustee, took his place in the censorship committee chairman. However, in all his experience and prudence, he did not escape the displeasure, as the censor, for missing the article "Essay on the history of the university printing house, placed in the" Mosque. Gazette; it referred to the work of Novikov. Snegirev offered to resign, and, although it very busy, yet he was dismissed from the service Feb. 15. 1855 Here begins the last period of his life, when the approaching old age and poverty are beginning to afflict the poor worker, so selflessly given to research on the Russian past. During this period, SA had, however, do have quite a lot. Especially, he took up a description of Moscow's ancient churches and monasteries, for example. Znamensky monastery Novospas'ke, Assumption Cathedral, etc. In 1865, he published "A detailed description of the archaeological and historical city of Moscow. The following year in "Eng. Archives" appeared excerpts from his memoirs, they perfectly describe the personality Snegiryov and especially his love and passion for antiquities. He knows how to masterfully portray a person, and all derived their professor or his friends are facing the reader, as if alive. At the end of his life, driven by poverty, went to St. Petersburg to petition for pensions, but there he soon fell ill, he had a stroke and he died at the Mariinsky hospital on Dec. 9, 1868 He was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Monastery. Academy of Sciences and Moscow University in their annual meetings (29 December. 1868 and January 12, 1869) publicly acknowledged for Snegirev inherent merit in the field of historical and archaeological research. S. different persistence and perseverance in carrying once conceived enterprise. He himself says in his letter to Anastasevichu (May 25, 1844) "I think I brought you a pamphlet about the experience broadside Russian paintings – the subject of my research. The more seeing it at your leisure, the more I find attitudes toward ethnic and communication with internal life of the people and their literacy, apart from school and has adopted a special form. But then, holding some object, I do not let it out of mind as much as possible, and can handle it. " Further requests the SG Anastasevicha tell him: whether in Poland "experience of traditional engraving, similar to Russian and can be served to them samples. Question of the popular proverbs served Snegiryov life. He constantly sought rapprochement with the common people, wanting him to take over and grasp and understand the people's spirit and outlook, as expressed in proverbs and sayings. No corner in Russia, where it had not been treated S. requesting him to habeas local sayings. Main merit of it is that he is the first we started looking at these important manifestations of practical wisdom from the scientific point of view, called attention to their analogical relation to the proverbs of other nations, pointed to borrow some from the latter and tried to arrange them in order on anthropological and historical reasons. But he was not satisfied by his predecessor materials which, however, and could not, except perhaps a well-known publication late DM Knyazhevich, be it very useful. He personally wanted to know how could the people of its natural worldview, collected, recorded sayings, in which it was expressed, and addressed to the benefit of others who had the opportunity and desire to see it studied the subject at its very source. Throughout his life St. had a good relationship with the Moscow Metropolitan Filaret and it seems that no one works not published, without first consulting him. I loved him as metropolitan of Kiev and Eugene, he trusted his honesty and integrity that gave him all their materials and rough drafts for the dictionary of Russian writers, instructing them to print. C. actually published the first volume of the "Dictionary of secular writers" Metropolitan Eugene. Works Snegiryov: 1) "Dissertatio de profectibus Romanorum in disciplinis severioribus" (Moscow 1816). 2) "Nova Chrestomatia Latina" (M. 1816). 3) "Nova Chrestomatia poetica" (M. 1818). 4) Location Mitropa. Plato (napis.1818, to bake. 1827). 5) The Archbishop of Moscow Augustine. Biographer. essay (M. 1824). 6) De origine, statu et incrementis Caesareae Universitatis Mosquensis. . . (M. 1830). 7) Latin Grammar (third ed. 1836). Russian in their proverbs. Part I – IV (M. 1831 – 1834). 9) Russian holidays vulgar and superstitious rites Part I – IV (M. 1837 – 1839). 10) Trinity Monastery (M. 1842). 11) Ancient Monuments of Moscow (Moscow, 1842 – 1845). 12) Novospassky Monastery (Moscow 1843). 13) print style (M. 1844, 2 nd ed. 1861). 14) Antiquities of the Russian State (MA 1846 – 1853). 15) Russian folk proverbs and parables (AM 1848). 16) Letter to Count Uvarov of Russian icons (St. Petersburg 1848). 17) On the order of words of Latin, by Cicero (M. 1848). 18) in the monuments of antiquity Russian ecclesiastical and civil architecture. 15 issues (M. 1846 – 1854). 2 nd edition – 1854 – 1857 (vm. with Martynov). 19) Guide from Moscow to the Trinity Monastery (M. 1856). 20) of the ancient monuments of art in Russia. 3 no. (M. 1850). 21) Historical Antiquities of Moscow. XI notebooks (M. 1846). 22) Supplement to the collection of Russian proverbs (AM 1854). 23) Assumption Cathedral (Moscow 1856). 24) A new collection of Russian proverbs (AM 1857). 25) Resurrection Gates (AM 1860). 26) Znamensky monastery and the Chamber of boyars Romanovs (AM 1861). 27) Novospasskij Stavropegic Monastery (Moscow 1863). 28) Pokrovsky Monastery (Moscow 1863). 29) Gethsemane Skete (AM 1863). 30) Epiphany Monastery (Moscow 1864). 31) The first wife of Peter I Evdokiya Feodorovna (Rus. Archive 1863, 541). 32) Moscow. Detailed historical and archaeological description of the city (Moscow 1865). 33) Palace royal village of Izmailovo (Moscow 1866). 34) Memoirs IM Snegiryov (Rus. Archive, 1866, pp. 513 and 735). Translation: 35) Letters from the Prince of Deligne (vm. Professor Nemirov, at 10 tons). 36) Universal mythology, cf. history, the abbot Tressan (M. 1816). 37) Rustringiya, pervonach. country led the first Russian. Prince Rurik, Op. Gol'man (AM 1819). 38) Escape of my privacy, part 2 (M. 1820). Upon the death of Snegiryov Ivanovski published the first volume of his collected essays under the title: "an old Russian land" (p. 1871). Read this publication did not last. The "Russian Archives" 1902 – 1903 years. published "The Diary of J. M. Snegireva. Publications Snegiryov: 39) Review Pilot. Baron Rozenkampfa (M. 1829). 40) The ancient legend of the victory of Dmitry Donskoy (AM 1829). 41) Glossary of Russian writers. Kiev Mitropa. Eugene. T. I. Dictionary of Moscow University (MA 18
55). – Russian Archives 1866, 1902 – 1904 (Memories Snegiryov). – Buslaev, on the death Snegiryov (Moscow University News 1869, I, 50 – 62). – Voice of 1868, № № 250, 254, 258, 1869, № 63. – St. Petersburg Times 1868, № 308 and 336). – Russian Invalid, 1868, № 275 and 277). – Petersburg Gazette 1868, № 131 and 178). – Modern Sheet 1868, № 102). – AD Ivanovski, Yves. M. Snegirev biografich. essay. SPB. 1871 (in fact, no biographies, but a retelling of the journal Snegireva about things completely not related to his life and reproduction of the diary is different speeches and sermons, spoken somewhere in the ceremony). – Historical. Bulletin 1880, v. 11 (May), pp. 205 (letter from Pushkin to Snegirev). – Pypin, History of Russian Ethnography, I, 312. Letters AN D Ivanchin-Pisarev to IM Snegirev with an introduction. and NB the. BL Modzalevsky, St. Petersburg. 1902. E. Tarasov.

Biography of Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman

admin — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 20:26:24 +0000

Friedman, Alexander (17 (29) .06.1888 – 09.16.1925), a Soviet scientist, one of the founders of modern dynamic meteorology. He graduated from St. Petersburg University (1910). In 1913 began working in Pavlov azrologicheskoy Observatory. In 1914 – 1917 is organizing aeronautical and upper-air stations in the Russian army. In 1918 – 1920 Professor of the University of Perm. From 1920 he worked in the Central Physical Observatory, and in some universities of Petrograd. In 1925, with n.-i. rose to a balloon to a height of 7.4 km. Major works on hydrodynamics, dynamic meteorology, theoretical physics, etc. In 1922, led a general equation for determining the vorticity, which has acquired a fundamental importance in the theory of weather forecasting. In 1924 – 1925 Friedman Joint. with L. Keller said the system structure characteristics of turbulent flow, and built a complete system of equations related to the velocity fluctuations and pressure at two points in the flow at different points in time. This work laid the foundations of modern statistical theory of turbulence. In 1922 – 1924 proposed a model of non-stationary universe, which formed the basis of modern cosmology. Prize. Lenin (1931, posthumous).

Cit.: Experience hydrodynamics of compressible fluids, L. – M., 1934; fav. Works, Moscow, 1966.

Lit.: Izvekov BI, Friedman works in the field of geophysics, "Journal of Geophysics and Meteorology, 1926, v. 3,. 1 – 2, Gavrilov AF, Memory A. Friedman, "Advances of Physical Sciences, 1926, v. 6,. 1; Geophysical collection, that is, 5 in. 1, Leningrad, 1927 (dedicated to the memory of F., a list of publications).

Biography Ovsyanniko-Kulikovsky Nasonov

admin — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 19:37:56 +0000

Ovsyanniko-Kulikovskii Dmitry (1853) – cultural historian and critic. Born into the landed family Tauride, studied at the Simferopol gymnasium and Novorossiysk univ. After spending 5 years abroad, he defended in Moscow univ. pro venia legendi study: "Analysis of the Vedic myth of the falcon, which brought a flower Soma" (p. 1882) and became a lecturer in Novorossiysk univ. In 1885 he defended a thesis for Master Kharkiv: "The experience of studying Bacchic cults of the Indo-European antiquity. Part I. The cult of the god Soma in ancient India in the Age of the Vedas" (Odessa, 1884). In 1887 he defended in Novorossiysk univ. thesis: the degree of Doctor of "the history of the worship of fire among the Indians in the era of the Vedas" (Odessa, 1887; described. in France. in "Revue de l'histoire des religions", 1889, under the Zaghlah. "Les trois feux sacres du Rig- Veda "). At the same, he was appointed professor in Kazan Univ., And in 1888 moved to Kharkov Univ., Where he teaches comparative grammar of Indo-European languages and Sanskrit. Contains the editor of the Notes Imp. Kharkiv University. In addition to the above, OA-owned Kulikovsky still following works: "On the" bull "in the religious beliefs of the Ancient East" (Odessa, 1885), "Vedic studies. Indra-visvacarsani" ("Zh. Min. Nar. Acad. , 1891 ¼ 3), "Religion of Hindus in the era of the Vedas" (Journal of Europe ", 1892, April – May)," Vedic studies. The sons of Aditi "(" JM N.Pp., 1892. ¼ 12), "The beginnings of philosophical consciousness among the ancient Hindus" ("Russian Wealth", 1884), "Essays on the history of thought" ("Questions of Philosophy and Psychology", 1889 and 1890), "Linguistics as a science" ("Russian Thought", 1888), "Potebnya as a linguist-philosopher" (Kiev. Antiquity ", 1893)," Language and Art "(St. Petersburg, 1895, brochure), Essays on the science of language" ("Russ. Thought", 1896, December), "From the syntactic observations. To the question about the use of the indicative in Vedic Sanskrit" (a collection of "Caristhria", published in honor of Professor. O. E. Korsch, Moscow, 1896), "Syntax observations. On the compound predicate" ( published in the Journal of Min. Public Education ")" Cultural Pioneers "(" Word "in 1878 and 1880)," Wristcutters and Nirvana ("Word", 1880), "Provincial seal" ("Word", 1881), " A sect of people of God "(" Word ", 1880)," Turgenev and Tolstoy ("Sev. Vestnik", 1894 – 97). Articles about Turgenev published separately: "Studies of creativity Turgenev" (Kharkov, 1896). The book is about creativity Turgenev, beautifully written, standing on the evolutionary point of view, is with one of the first attempts in our literature of scientific criticism. The best of its pages are devoted to evaluation of Turgenev the pessimism expressed by the "Enough". In a pamphlet about the language and the arts O. Kulikovskii attempts to popularize modern linguistics general provisions of the fate of the language in preparing for concepts, the meaning and role in the artistic language and external forms. An extensive article on AA Potebnya as a linguist and thinker, is a talented publicity and a set of basic provisions of the famous scientist. Philological labors AA Potebni, content and presentation, are among the books difficult to read and less accessible, clear and systematic exposition of their main provisions in the transfer of OA-Kulikovsky makes it a very useful booklet.

Biography Guiton de Morva Louis Bernard

admin — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 18:06:46 +0000

Guiton de Morva Louis Bernard (04/01/1737 – 02/01/1816), French chemist and politician. On the formation of a lawyer. During the French Revolution was a deputy of the Legislative Assembly (1791-92) and the National Convention (1792-95). From 1794 Professor of the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris, since 1795 Member of the Institute of France, since 1800 manager of the mint business and after restoration of the Bourbons in 1814, was dismissed from service, as voted for the execution of Louis XVI. Guiton de Morva worked on Applied Chemistry: introduced in France, output of pig iron in coke (1771), organized the production of nitrate in Dijon (1778-80), proposed a new method of disinfection – fumigation with chlorine (1773). First Guiton de Morva was a staunch supporter of the phlogiston theory, in 1786 joined the antiflogisticheskim views Lavoisier. In 1787, Lavoisier, Guiton de Morva, C. Berthollet and Fourcroy AG have developed a new sound chemical nomenclature, the basis of which was the system of chemical names, proposed Guiton de Morva in 1782. During the Revolution as a member societies, rescue organizations contributed greatly to the development and production of steel, saltpetre, gunpowder and other materials needed for defense, and has lectured on courses to prepare workers and technicians. As Commissioner Sev. Army Guiton de Morvah personally supervised the use of tethered balloons for reconnaissance during the Battle of Fleurus (June 27, 1794) than to the victory of republican troops over the Austrian invaders. Lit.: Starosel'skaya-Nikitin OA, Essays on the history of science and technology during the French bourgeois revolution of 1789-1794, Moscow – Leningrad, 1946; Bpuchard G., Guyton Morveau, chimiste et conventionnel, P., 1938.