Berthollet, Claude Louis (12/09/1748 – 11/06/1822), a French chemist, founder of the theory of chemical equilibrium, tsp. Paris Academy of Sciences (1785). Professor of Chemistry in the Normal and the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris (1794). In 1770 a doctorate in medicine in Turin, Berthollet began working in pharmacies, in 1772 moved to Paris. In 1785, the first of the chemists joined antiflogisticheskim views Lavoisier.
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Shcherbakov, Dmitry Ivanovich (01 (13) .01.1893 – 25.05.1966), American geologist and geochemist, academician of the USSR (1953, Corresponding Member of 1946). Student Vernadsky and AE Fersmana. After Tauride (now Simferopol) University (1922) worked in the Commission on the Study of Productive Forces (Render) and other organizations of the USSR.
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Stanyukovich Kirill V. (1913). Russian owls. writer and botanist. Doctor of Biological Sciences, professor, participated in many expeditions to the Pamirs and Tien Shan.
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Groom Grzhimailo Gregory E. (05 (17) .02.1860 – 03.03.1936), American geographer, researcher of Middle and Central Asia, Honored Scientist of RSFSR (1928). In 1920-31 Vice-President of the Geographical Society of the USSR. Brother of VE Grum-Grzhimailo. Born to an economist. In 1884 he graduated from the natural sciences department of Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University. Lecturer geography Asian universities of Leningrad.
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Nikita Petrovich Sokolov (1748 – 04/07/1795) – Member of the Academy of Sciences and Russian Academy, the author of many scholarly works, was born in the village Crutzen, Vladimir (now the Pokrovsky) county. 10 years old, was taken by his father, who served sacristan in that village, to the Trinity Lavra Seminary, where, and was adopted April 17, 1759 In 1767 S. moved into a theological class, and in November of this year came from the Synod Director of the Academy of Sciences of Count V. Orlov, full-term that the Academy of Sciences to ten young people "good behavior and nezazornogo and understanding the Latin language. In that same full-term, it was stated at the Trinity Lavra Seminary students, which already at that time stood out from among the others.
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Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (09 (1920) .09.1778 – 13 (25) .01.1852), Russian navigator, Admiral. He studied at the Naval Cadet Corps in Kronstadt. In 1803-06 participated in the 1 st Russian circumnavigation aboard "Hope", under the command Kruzenstern. Upon returning from an expedition commanded various ships in the Baltic and Black Seas. In 1819-21 headed the world expedition on the sloops "Vostok" (Commander Bellingshausen), and "Peace" (commander of the MP Lazarev), sent to Antarctica in order to maximize the penetration of the southern polar region and discover unknown lands. In 1819 he opened several islands in the Antarctic Atlantic. 16 participants (28) January 1820 expedition discovered Antarctica approaching her at a point 69 ° 21'S. sh. and 2 ° 14 'W. village (district of modern ice shelf Bellingshausen), January 21 (February 2) Bellingshausen again saw the ice coast.
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David Livingstone (Livingstone) (1813 – 05/01/1873) – the famous English explorer, he studied theology and medicine and in 1840 was sent to London Missionary Society in Kapland, a missionary.
In 1849 he walked from the missionary station in the country Kolobeng Bechuana to the lake. Ngami, in 1851, reached the upper reaches of the Zambezi.
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William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) (26/06/1824 – 1907) – the greatest of modern physics, was born in Belfast. The ancestors were Irish farmers T.; his father James T. (1776 – 1849), a famous mathematician, was since 1814 a teacher in Belfast Academical Institution, and then from 1832 a professor of mathematics at Glasgow is famous books on mathematics, which have stood dozens of publications and applied so far. W. Thomson and his older brother, James T., went to college in Glasgow, and then in St. Peter Kollege in Cambridge, where he graduated T. course Sciences in 1845 In 1846, twenty-two T. occupied chair of theoretical physics at university. in Glasgow, which continues to this day. Unusual Merit T. in pure and applied science is quite appreciated by his contemporaries. In 1866, TA was elevated to the noble rank, in 1892 Queen Victoria granted him a peerage with the title "Lord Kelvin". – While still a student, TA published several papers on the application of Fourier series for the physics and in a remarkable study, "The uniform motion of heat in homogeneous solid and its connection with the mathematical theory of electricity" ("The Cambridge math. Journ.", 1842 ) has important analogies between the phenomena of propagation of heat and electric current and showed how the issues of one of these areas to apply to matters other field. In another study, "The Linear Motion of Heat" (1843, ibid.) TA developed the principles, which are then fruitfully applied to many issues of dynamic geology, for example. the question of cooling the Earth. In 1845, while in Paris, TN begins in Liouville's Journal printing several articles on the electrostatics, which outlines his method of electrical images, which gave an opportunity just to solve many difficult problems of electrostatics. Since 1849 start of the TA on thermodynamics, printed in editions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The first of these studies, T., relying on research Joule shows how to change the principle of Carnot, described in the book of the last "Reflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu" (1824) to the principle agreed with the present data, this famous work contains a first formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1852, T. gives him a different formulation, namely the doctrine of the dissipation of energy (dissipation of energy). In the same year, together with T. Joule makes known study of the cooling gas during the expansion without the work, which served as a stepping-stone theory of gases from ideal theory to real gases. Launched in 1855, work on thermoelectricity ("Electrodynamic Qualities of Metals") has resulted in increasing the experimental work, participated in the work of students, and this marked the beginning of practical work of students in the univ. Glasgow – the first in Britain, as well as the beginning of the laboratory in physics in Glasgow. In the fifties TV becomes interested in the question of the transatlantic telegraph, prompted by failure of the early pioneers of practitioners, T. theoretically explores the question of the distribution of electrical pulses along the cable and finds the greatest practical importance, gave an opportunity to telegraph through the ocean. Along the way, TV output conditions for the existence of oscillatory electrical discharge (1853), the newly discovered later, Kirchoff (1864) and relied on the foundation of the theory of electric oscillations. Expedition for a cable TV brings the needs of maritime affairs and leads to improved lots and the compass T. (1872 – 1876), the currently accepted worldwide. In "Biogr .- Litter. Handworterbuch Poggendorff" (1896) lists approximately 250 articles (excluding books), belonging to T. We mention only a few items of his work: thermodynamic study, which led, moreover, even to the establishment of an absolute temperature scale, work on hydrodynamics and the theory of waves (awarded in 1887 the Prize of the Edinburgh Royal commonly.) work on Thermoelectrics, which led to the discovery of the so-called. "Phenomenon T." – Transfer of heat by electric current; research on the theory of elasticity (1862-63), in which T extends the theory of spherical functions, work on the dynamic geology. In recent years (despite his advanced age, T. tirelessly worked so far) a number of papers T. and his students on the theory of the phenomenon of Volta, on the study of X-rays and Bekkerelevyh and mechanics. No less remarkable is the activities of TAin practical physics and engineering, he owns an invention or improvement of the many instruments that are commonplace in science and technology, such as: mirror galvanometer, the siphon recorder, the quad and absolute electrometer, a normal element of the compass, the lot and a lot of technical measurement of electrical appliances between them is particularly remarkable "ampere-scale" used everywhere for validation of electrical appliances; between the set of patents taken T., find themselves, or for purely practical devices, such as at water taps, a special workshop (James White in Glasgow) is engaged in manufacturing of all these devices. Of the books printed, T., enjoys the highest reputation "Treatise on natural philosophy" (vol. 1, together with Tetot, 3rd ed. In 1883, a German. "Transl. Ed. Helmholtz), containing only released in the first volume of a brilliant presentation of the mechanical foundations of theoretical physics. Articles T. reprinted in his "Reprints of papers on electrostatic and magnetism" (1872), "Mathematical and physical papers" (1882 – 1883) and "Popular lectures and adresses". In the "Encyclopedia Britannica" (1880) placed two famous articles of T. – "Elasticity" and "Heat". T. greatest of modern physicists, in this remarkable scientist joins rarely penetrating mind, without fear biting the abstract theory, from a purely practical minds, which leads to the solution Confusion in practice. T. England owes a brilliant state in the higher schools of mathematical physics; its influence on the development of this science is easily traced to the work of scientists of other nations.
Khanykov Yakov Vladimirovich (1818 – 1862) – an outstanding cartographer and geographer, have done a lot for the study of the Orenburg region and adjacent territories of Kazakhstan and Central Asia, belonged to a talented family Hanykovyh. His younger brother Nikolai Khanykov – the famous orientalist, and another brother, – Alexander, Chernyshevsky fellow student at the Petersburg University, was in 1849 convicted and sent to the Orenburg region for participation in the circles Petrashevists.
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Krusenstern Ivan (Johann Anton, a Russian name – Ivan) (11/06/1770 – 08/12/1846) – a famous admiral, was in the sea cadet corps, took part in the Swedish War of 1789 – 1990; in 1793 was sent to study of marine art in England, with the British fleet sailed to the northeast. American coast, where he participated in battles with the French courts, has visited Barbados, Suriname, Bermuda, sailed in the Bay of Bengal, to explore ostindskie water and open the way to the Russian trade Ostindiyu.
Interested Russian fur trade with China, which ran from Okhotsk by land to Kyakhta, K. came to the conclusion that it is more advantageous could go straight on, the sea, and he had also intended to establish direct relations with the Metropolitan Russian-American colonies.
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