Biography of John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873) – son of James M., a famous English philosopher and economist. Since 3-year M. began to study under the guidance of his father's Greek language, with a 6-years to write independent historical work, and to 12 years, thoroughly acquainted with the major Greek and Roman authors, began to study higher mathematics, logic and political savings. His education completed by age 14. Such early brain development has led to heavy fatigue and prepared spiritual crisis, which nearly led to suicide AM. Of great importance in his life was a trip to southern France in 1820, she introduced him to French society, with the French economists and public figures and aroused in him a strong interest in continental liberalism was still with him until his death. Around 1822 AM, with several other young men (Austin, fat, etc.), ardent follower of Bentham, formed a circle, called the "utilitarian society", in which was first coined the term "utilitarianism", which later received widespread . In the organ-based bentamistami "Westminster Review" published a series of MS articles, mainly economic content. In 1830 he wrote a little book: "Essays on some unsettled Questions in Political Economy" (publ. in 1844, had 2 ed.), Which contains all original, created MA in economics. By this time the fracture is in the life of Mill, which he so vividly described in his "Autobiography." As a result, M. freed from the influence of Bentham, has lost the old confidence in the omnipotence of rational element in the private and public life, was more value element sense, but some of the new outlook is not developed. Introduction to teaching sensimonistov shake his old confidence in the benefits of the social system based on private ownership and unrestricted competition. In 1843 he published "A System of Logic" (10 editions) – his most original work, still had retained its value, in 1848 – "Principles of Political Economy" (June edition) has also written numerous journal articles on various issues of philosophy, politics, economy and literature. Within a few years of self-published a radical magazine: "London and Westminster Review". Since 1841 was in correspondence with the Organization. Comte, philosophical and sociological views which have had a profound influence. Of the later works of M. remarkable "On Liberty" (1859, 3 editions) – perhaps the most brilliant in modern times in protecting the freedom of public and private life; "Utilitarianism" (1861, 3 editions) – the book, which had great success in public but one of the weakest of M. in the logical sense; "Considerations on Representalive Governement" (1861, 3 editions); "An Examination of sir W. Hamilton 's Philosophy" (1865, 5 editions) – a critique of philosophy, of Hamilton, along with outlining their own views of the author; "The Subjection of women" (1869, 4 editions), written in defense of women's equality. After the death of M. printed his "Autobiography" (1873) and "Chapters on Socialism" ("Fortnightly Review", 1872). As a political figure speak in Moscow in 1865 as a representative of the Westminster district in the House of Commons, before he could be a member of parliament, as was the service of the ostindskoy company. In the House of Moscow insisted on the need evergichnyh measures to help Irish farmers. In 1868 M. was defeated in the new elections, due in his opinion, public statement of his sympathy for the well-known atheist Bradley. In the life of M. enormous role played love for Ms Taylor, familiarity with which, he said, was "the greatest happiness of his life." He had the opportunity to marry her only after 20-year-old acquaintance, but after 7 years after her marriage she died. In the dedication of his book "On Liberty" M. says that his wife was inspiring, and partly the author of the best things that has been in his writings, but this assessment of the role of m-with Taylor in the literary activity of MM has been greatly exaggerated. In the largest of his work, "System of Logic," Ms Taylor took no part, no doubt, however, that it is influenced by many heads of his "political economy" and that she was, to some extent, be attributed to a socialist coloration of this book.The only essay AM, owned by his wife as much to himself – this is the book "The subordination of women." In the field of philosophy, the most remarkable works of M. is his "System of Logic.
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Biography of Abel

Abel (Niels Heinrich) (05/08/1802 – 1829) – the famous Norwegian mathematician, was born August 5, 1802 in Hristnzande and studied at the University of Christiania.

When allowances from the government after spending 2 years (1825 – 27) in Paris, then in Berlin affair with Kröll and became an employee edited the last "Journal fur reine u. angewandte Mathematik".

Its work focused in particular the theory of elliptic functions, which he moved forward, together with K. Jacobi.

On his return, he became a lecturer at university and engineering school Christians, but died very early (1829).

His teacher Golmbach published collection of his works, "Oeuvres completes" (2 vols, Christ., 1839).

Biography of William Thomson

William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) (26/06/1824 – 1907) – the greatest of modern physics, was born in Belfast. The ancestors were Irish farmers T.; his father James T. (1776 – 1849), a famous mathematician, was since 1814 a teacher in Belfast Academical Institution, and then from 1832 a professor of mathematics at Glasgow is famous books on mathematics, which have stood dozens of publications and applied so far. W. Thomson and his older brother, James T., went to college in Glasgow, and then in St. Peter Kollege in Cambridge, where he graduated T. course Sciences in 1845 In 1846, twenty-two T. occupied chair of theoretical physics at university. in Glasgow, which continues to this day. Unusual Merit T. in pure and applied science is quite appreciated by his contemporaries. In 1866, TA was elevated to the noble rank, in 1892 Queen Victoria granted him a peerage with the title "Lord Kelvin". – While still a student, TA published several papers on the application of Fourier series for the physics and in a remarkable study, "The uniform motion of heat in homogeneous solid and its connection with the mathematical theory of electricity" ("The Cambridge math. Journ.", 1842 ) has important analogies between the phenomena of propagation of heat and electric current and showed how the issues of one of these areas to apply to matters other field. In another study, "The Linear Motion of Heat" (1843, ibid.) TA developed the principles, which are then fruitfully applied to many issues of dynamic geology, for example. the question of cooling the Earth. In 1845, while in Paris, TN begins in Liouville's Journal printing several articles on the electrostatics, which outlines his method of electrical images, which gave an opportunity just to solve many difficult problems of electrostatics. Since 1849 start of the TA on thermodynamics, printed in editions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The first of these studies, T., relying on research Joule shows how to change the principle of Carnot, described in the book of the last "Reflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu" (1824) to the principle agreed with the present data, this famous work contains a first formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1852, T. gives him a different formulation, namely the doctrine of the dissipation of energy (dissipation of energy). In the same year, together with T. Joule makes known study of the cooling gas during the expansion without the work, which served as a stepping-stone theory of gases from ideal theory to real gases. Launched in 1855, work on thermoelectricity ("Electrodynamic Qualities of Metals") has resulted in increasing the experimental work, participated in the work of students, and this marked the beginning of practical work of students in the univ. Glasgow – the first in Britain, as well as the beginning of the laboratory in physics in Glasgow. In the fifties TV becomes interested in the question of the transatlantic telegraph, prompted by failure of the early pioneers of practitioners, T. theoretically explores the question of the distribution of electrical pulses along the cable and finds the greatest practical importance, gave an opportunity to telegraph through the ocean. Along the way, TV output conditions for the existence of oscillatory electrical discharge (1853), the newly discovered later, Kirchoff (1864) and relied on the foundation of the theory of electric oscillations. Expedition for a cable TV brings the needs of maritime affairs and leads to improved lots and the compass T. (1872 – 1876), the currently accepted worldwide. In "Biogr .- Litter. Handworterbuch Poggendorff" (1896) lists approximately 250 articles (excluding books), belonging to T. We mention only a few items of his work: thermodynamic study, which led, moreover, even to the establishment of an absolute temperature scale, work on hydrodynamics and the theory of waves (awarded in 1887 the Prize of the Edinburgh Royal commonly.) work on Thermoelectrics, which led to the discovery of the so-called. "Phenomenon T." – Transfer of heat by electric current; research on the theory of elasticity (1862-63), in which T extends the theory of spherical functions, work on the dynamic geology. In recent years (despite his advanced age, T. tirelessly worked so far) a number of papers T. and his students on the theory of the phenomenon of Volta, on the study of X-rays and Bekkerelevyh and mechanics. No less remarkable is the activities of TAin practical physics and engineering, he owns an invention or improvement of the many instruments that are commonplace in science and technology, such as: mirror galvanometer, the siphon recorder, the quad and absolute electrometer, a normal element of the compass, the lot and a lot of technical measurement of electrical appliances between them is particularly remarkable "ampere-scale" used everywhere for validation of electrical appliances; between the set of patents taken T., find themselves, or for purely practical devices, such as at water taps, a special workshop (James White in Glasgow) is engaged in manufacturing of all these devices. Of the books printed, T., enjoys the highest reputation "Treatise on natural philosophy" (vol. 1, together with Tetot, 3rd ed. In 1883, a German. "Transl. Ed. Helmholtz), containing only released in the first volume of a brilliant presentation of the mechanical foundations of theoretical physics. Articles T. reprinted in his "Reprints of papers on electrostatic and magnetism" (1872), "Mathematical and physical papers" (1882 – 1883) and "Popular lectures and adresses". In the "Encyclopedia Britannica" (1880) placed two famous articles of T. – "Elasticity" and "Heat". T. greatest of modern physicists, in this remarkable scientist joins rarely penetrating mind, without fear biting the abstract theory, from a purely practical minds, which leads to the solution Confusion in practice. T. England owes a brilliant state in the higher schools of mathematical physics; its influence on the development of this science is easily traced to the work of scientists of other nations.

Biography BrageTiho

BrageTiho (12/14/1546 – 24/10/1601) – the famous astronomer, was born in Knudstrupe December 14, 1546, from 1913 began to study science at Copenhagen University. Here, the predictions of astronomers, the solar eclipse on August 21, 1560, aroused in him so much interest that he decided to devote themselves entirely to astronomy. But this does not accord with the views of his parents, and when, two years later, he went to overseas travel, together with their teacher, the latter was severely punished observe that the young Boris exclusively on science and legal state, thus only at night, in secret from everyone, he could indulge in his hobbies.
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Biography of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov

Page: 12 3 4 Lomonosov (Mikhail Vasilyevich, 1711-1765) – a famous poet and scholar. He was the first Russian who rightfully could stand alongside his contemporary European scholars, according to many, the diversity and originality of scientific papers on physics, chemistry, metallurgy, mechanics and other first-class scientists in the XVIII.
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Biography of Ragnar Frisch

Ragnar Frisch (Frisch) (03.03.1895 – 31.01.1973), Norwegian economist, member of the Norwegian Academy of Sciences (1931). Born in Oslo. Educated at the University of Oslo. Lecturer (1925 – 1965), director of the Institute of Economics (1931 – 1965) University of Oslo. Lecturer in economics at Yale University (1930) and the Sorbonne (1933).
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Biography of Archimedes

Archimedes (287 BC – 212 BC) – the greatest mathematicians of antiquity, was born in Syracuse, a city of 287 BC, was a relative of King Hiero II. Mathematics is obliged to this famous scientist their precious discoveries and the most important truths that make up the brilliant era of progress in ancient times. Archimedes' biographers left us the information under whose guidance he studied in his childhood, but who would not have been his teacher, he has surpassed them. We only know that Archimedes was familiar with the elementary principles of Euclid.

All branches of mathematics are equally included in the subject of study in studies of Archimedes, but the geometry and mechanics are among those he worked with great success and excellence: he indulged them with such zeal and devotion that he forgot about them for the sake of the essential necessities of life, and not time his servants were obliged to force him to use their services.
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Biography of Joseph Thomson

Thomson, Joseph (1856 – 1940) – famous British physicist, studied physics at the laboratory Balfour Stewart Owens College in Manchester, then from 1876 to 1880 in Cambridge. In 1882 a lecturer in mathematics at Trinity Colledge (Cambridge).
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Biography Shyshatskiy Basil Osipovich

Shyshatskiy Vasily Osipovich (1771) – Professor of Mathematics in School Demidov Yaroslavl, from the nobility, at the end of the course at Moscow University, was produced in 1769 in bachelors. From 1793 to 1797.
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Biography Vekua Ilia Nestorovich

Vekua Ilia Nestorovich (23.04 (06.05) .1907), American mathematician and engineer, academician of the USSR (1958, Corresponding Member of 1946) and the Georgian Academy of Sciences (1946), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). Tsp. CPSU since 1943. He graduated from the Tbilisi Univ (1930), worked in the USSR, Georgian Academy of Sciences and higher educational institutions. In 1959-64 the rector of Novosibirsk University Press, 1965 the rector of Tbilisi University.
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